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M. Stanley Livingston
Milton Stanley Livingston (May 25, 1905 – August 25, 1986) was an American accelerator physicist, co-inventor of the cyclotron with Ernest Lawrence, and co-discoverer with Ernest Courant and Hartland Snyder of the strong focusing principle, which allowed development of modern large-scale particle accelerators. He built cyclotrons at the University of California, Cornell University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During World War II, he served in the operations research group at the Office of Naval Research.
Livingston was the chairman of the Accelerator Project at Brookhaven National Laboratory, director of the Cambridge Electron Accelerator, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a professor of physics at MIT, and a recipient of the Enrico Fermi Award from the United States Department of Energy. He was Associate Director of the National Accelerator Laboratory from 1967 to 1970.
== Early life ==
Milton Stanley Livingston was born in Brodhead, Wisconsin, on May 25, 1905, the son of McWhorter Livingston, a minister of religion, and his wife Sarah Jane. Sarah was a member of the Ten Eyck family, an influential New York family whose Dutch origins date back to the 1640s. He had three sisters. The family moved to California when Livingston was five years old, and he grew up in Burbank, Pomona and San Dimas. His father became a high school teacher and principal. His mother died when he was 12 years old, and his father later remarried. Livingston thereby acquired five half-brothers.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Oral History Transcript — Dr. M. Stanley Livingston )〕
After graduating from high school in 1921, Livingston entered nearby Pomona College, intending to major in chemistry,〔 but he disliked the way that chemistry was being taught there, and arranged with the Professor of Physics, Roland R. Tileston, to take physics courses as well.〔 He received his Bachelor of Arts (AB) in 1926,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?livingstonm )〕 with a double major in physics and chemistry. Tileston arranged for him to then enter Dartmouth College with a teaching fellowship.〔 He was awarded his Master of Arts (MA) in 1928,〔 studying x-ray diffraction, and stayed on for another year as an instructor.〔
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